Network Card.
A Network card, Network Adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC network interface card is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It is both an OSI layer physical layer and layer data link layer device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a lowlevel addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.Although other network technologies exist, Ethernet has achieved nearubiquity since the mids. Every Ethernet network card has a unique bit serial number called a MAC address, which is stored in ROM carried on the card. Every computer on an Ethernet network must have a card with a unique MAC address. No two cards ever manufactured share the same address. This is accomplished by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE, which is responsible for assigning unique MAC addresses to the vendors of network interface controllers.
Whereas network cards used to be expansion cards that plug into a computer bus, the low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built into the motherboard. These either have Ethernet capabilities integrated into the motherboard chipset, or implemented via a low cost dedicated Ethernet chip, connected through the PCI or the newer PCI express bus. A separate network card is not required unless multiple interfaces are needed or some other type of network is used. Newer motherboards may even have dual network Ethernet interfaces builtin.The card implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as Ethernet or token ring. This provides a base for a full network protocol stack, allowing communication among small groups of computers on the same LAN and largescale network communications through routable protocols, such as IP.
A Network card, Network Adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC network interface card is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It is both an OSI layer physical layer and layer data link layer device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a lowlevel addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.Although other network technologies exist, Ethernet has achieved nearubiquity since the mids. Every Ethernet network card has a unique bit serial number called a MAC address, which is stored in ROM carried on the card. Every computer on an Ethernet network must have a card with a unique MAC address. No two cards ever manufactured share the same address. This is accomplished by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE, which is responsible for assigning unique MAC addresses to the vendors of network interface controllers.
Whereas network cards used to be expansion cards that plug into a computer bus, the low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built into the motherboard. These either have Ethernet capabilities integrated into the motherboard chipset, or implemented via a low cost dedicated Ethernet chip, connected through the PCI or the newer PCI express bus. A separate network card is not required unless multiple interfaces are needed or some other type of network is used. Newer motherboards may even have dual network Ethernet interfaces builtin.The card implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as Ethernet or token ring. This provides a base for a full network protocol stack, allowing communication among small groups of computers on the same LAN and largescale network communications through routable protocols, such as IP.
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